Tuesday, November 26, 2019
Free Essays on Schopenhauer Essay And Aphorisms
In â€Å"An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding†, is a controversial theoretical book by David Hume. Throughout this book Hume made various theories concerning the formation of the mind and the beliefs that proceed from it. He also gives reasoning for human belief in God, and rationalizing of the external world. One of Hume’s theories about knowledge and ideas which has struck numerous readers as controversial is the theory on â€Å"Matters of Fact†. â€Å"Matters of Fact†are ideas caused by impressions which are formed by past experiences. Impressions are a vivid insight of the external world and an idea is the weak feeling of an impression. These ideas and impressions are based on the assumption that all ideas have impressions; therefore humans are not able to create ideas without impressions. Also do to the fact that â€Å"Matters of Fact are based on past experiences, Hume hypothesis that humans are not able to predict the future, they can only make inferences. Impressions and ideas according to Hume are the major and basic building block of human knowledge. Hume explains impressions as â€Å"all our more lively perception, when we hear or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will†. (p27) Ideas on the other hand are the reflecting back on perceptions in the mind which are less vivid then the actual perception. (p27) The process of a thought flowing from an impression to an idea and past impressions to an idea is called the law of association of ideas. The law of association of ideas is the base for complex ideas which is the formation of more then one simple idea. These laws, terms and with the help of other theories suggested by Hume give way to the understanding of the human external world. By simply screening Hume’s theories one may see his views worthy of believing, but by taking a closer look an individual can easily create a view to dispute his theory. In one theory Hume states that humans can not imagi ... Free Essays on Schopenhauer Essay And Aphorisms Free Essays on Schopenhauer Essay And Aphorisms In â€Å"An Inquiry Concerning Human Understanding†, is a controversial theoretical book by David Hume. Throughout this book Hume made various theories concerning the formation of the mind and the beliefs that proceed from it. He also gives reasoning for human belief in God, and rationalizing of the external world. One of Hume’s theories about knowledge and ideas which has struck numerous readers as controversial is the theory on â€Å"Matters of Fact†. â€Å"Matters of Fact†are ideas caused by impressions which are formed by past experiences. Impressions are a vivid insight of the external world and an idea is the weak feeling of an impression. These ideas and impressions are based on the assumption that all ideas have impressions; therefore humans are not able to create ideas without impressions. Also do to the fact that â€Å"Matters of Fact are based on past experiences, Hume hypothesis that humans are not able to predict the future, they can only make inferences. Impressions and ideas according to Hume are the major and basic building block of human knowledge. Hume explains impressions as â€Å"all our more lively perception, when we hear or see, or feel, or love, or hate, or desire, or will†. (p27) Ideas on the other hand are the reflecting back on perceptions in the mind which are less vivid then the actual perception. (p27) The process of a thought flowing from an impression to an idea and past impressions to an idea is called the law of association of ideas. The law of association of ideas is the base for complex ideas which is the formation of more then one simple idea. These laws, terms and with the help of other theories suggested by Hume give way to the understanding of the human external world. By simply screening Hume’s theories one may see his views worthy of believing, but by taking a closer look an individual can easily create a view to dispute his theory. In one theory Hume states that humans can not imagi ...
Friday, November 22, 2019
What You Ought to Know About Crafting Great Scenes - Freewrite Store
What You Ought to Know About Crafting Great Scenes - Freewrite Store Today’s guest post is by Marsh Cassady. Marsh has Ph.D in theatre and is a former actor, director, and university professor. He is the author of fifty-seven published books and hundreds of shorter pieces. His plays have been performed in Canada, Mexico and the U.S., including Off-Broadway. Two men are collecting their papers and preparing to go home after a writing workshop. One approaches the other, obviously wanting to say something.     â€Å"Get the hell away from me.†    â€Å"I just want to help, damn it.†    â€Å"Help? How can you possibly help me? For God’s sake, man, you know even less about constructing a good scene than I do.†    â€Å"Oh, yeah? If that’s what you think, why don’t you let me prove you wrong?†    â€Å"Yeah, sure, you’re going to prove me wrong. I can’t believe this.†    â€Å"Just listen, for heaven’s sake.†    â€Å"I guess that’s the only way to end this stupid argument.†    â€Å"So it’s agreed?†    â€Å"You wear me down, man. So just go ahead and say what you want.†    â€Å"All right then.†He begins to explain†¦ We often think of scenes as plot segments, or to use a theatrical term, motivational units. Yet consider two things. First, a scene can rarely stand alone and make sense by itself. But some jokes and some short stories, particularly flash fiction, are exceptions. For instance:  The Forecast Is Rain     â€Å"For crying out loud! We gotta run...or are you gonna lie in bed all day? I’ll get the car, while you phone and tell them we may be a little late.†    Sally knew how important it was to get the new apartment. The rent was cheap, but all we could afford.     â€Å"When you're ready- and it better be quick- come out to the car.†    It was a sad situation. I’d lost my job. No prospects. Sally never would work; too lazy, I suppose. Can’t see any other reason. And if we didn’t get the new apartment, the manager here would kick us out on the street.     Dammit, where was she? The forecast was for rain, and the old car leaked around both doors and the windshield. I wanted to get to the new place before we got soaked. Make a good impression.     â€Å"Sally, where the hell are you?†I screamed.     The front door opened; Sally stood there in pajamas and a robe.     â€Å"What’s wrong with you?†I asked.     â€Å"Mom sent me money,†she said. â€Å"You can go; I’m staying here.†    What! After all this time, nearly four years, together. And to think I’d always treated her so well. Second, not all scenes directly contribute to the plot. What was that? Okay, I said â€Å"directly contribute.†Yet each scene has to contribute in some way to the overall story. Sometimes scenes are largely narrative or descriptive and involve little conflict. At the same time, they have to be interesting; they have to, in some way, contribute to the advancement of the plot- even though indirectly- and they have to hold a reader’s attention. This all means that a scene needs to have a purpose, and everything within it has to relate that purpose. It’s up to you to figure out the purpose of each of your scenes and not deviate from it. There can be many reasons for including a scene. Maybe it’s to establish the world or universe in which the action exists. Maybe it’s to reveal character. There are many types of scenes, a few of which we’ll get to later. But let’s take the type that directly advances the plot. Plot and The Scene First, maybe we need to define plot? What exactly is it? The answer is that it’s the portrayal of conflict between a protagonist- the guy with the white hat- and the antagonist- the guy with the black hat.  Both have a particular goal they want to reach within the context of the story. When plotted fiction is at its highest point, one of the two beings or forces is victorious in defeating the other, thus reaching its goal. â€Å"Beings or forces†instead of men or women? Yes, since first of all there are different sorts antagonists. In other words, the protagonist may struggle against: 1) another person; 2) against self; 3) against society; 4) against nature. To further confuse things, a protagonist or antagonist may be a group of people, rather than an individual. The second sort of conflict may be as simple as a person fighting against an addiction, the third fighting against corruption, the fourth against a severe storm. An example of a group antagonist would be a n evil government. And characters in fiction certainly don’t have to be human beings; they can be animals, extraterrestrials, or even imaginary creatures like Hobbits. A plot generally has four (or sometimes five) parts. It begins when things are at an even keel and something destroys this balance. This may occur near the beginning of the novel but often occurs before the action begins. This â€Å"upset†is the inciting incident, which initiates the struggle between the protagonist and antagonist. The parts are the: 1. Inciting incident- Which leads to the conflict. 2. Rising action- Where the tension and conflict build. 3. Turning point- Where the end of the conflict is determined. 4. Climax- Where the protagonist or antagonist is defeated. 5. Falling action or denouement- Where everything is tied up. The following illustrates a very simple plot, and serves as a diagram for a scene, as well. But if it is one scene of many, of course, there is no turning point. Rather the action falls off a little before it continues to build. In other words, there are minor climaxes.   Look back at the opening of this post, which, in effect, has all the necessary ingredients of a scene- two people arguing over whether one of them actually knows how to construct a scene. The beginning of the argument is the inciting incident, the argument itself the rising action, the one person’s decision to give up is the climax, and the rest of the blog is the denouement- though most denouements are short. (An exception is some mystery novels in which a lot of loose ends need to be tied up.) Each scene in which there is conflict has to contain these elements. Most stories and certainly virtually all novels have more than one scene, each building to a climax and then falling off a little before the next scene begins, like this:   Sometimes, the turning point and the climax are the same, sometimes not. The turning point is where the action can go no further without something irrevocable happening. The climax is where the irrevocable actually occurs. Think of a close basketball game. The teams struggle to score baskets. One scores first and temporarily gains the upper hand. Then the other goes ahead. The struggle continues till the final seconds of the game. The score is tied. One team gets the ball and scores just as time runs out. This is both the turning point and the climax. But suppose two people are enemies, and each wants to defeat the other. They have a sword fight. One knocks the sword out of the opponent’s hand. This is the turning point. The climax comes a few seconds later when the one still holding the sword stabs the other†¦or decides to spare his life. The turning point is when the one with the sword in hand carries out the decision, which brings about the defeat of the other. Fiction often contains scenes in which there appears to be no direct conflict. Yet if the piece is well‑written, the conflict is inherent; it relates to what already has been shown. For example, one character may be describing what is bothering her, what has caused the central problem and conflict. In so doing, she may begin to glimpse a possible solution, foreshadowing more direct conflict while building tension and anticipation about whether she will succeed. But remember that everything that occurs in fiction with a plot has to be relevant to the advancement of the plot. Everything must be relevant to the protagonist’s attempt to reach his or her goal. Dialogue and The Scene Most scenes contain conversations. Writing dialogue involves many considerations. First, does it sound natural? I say â€Å"sound natural†because dialogue is rarely an exact replication of everyday speech. It’s more direct, more honed. It doesn’t change direction as often as regular conversation. Each line has to contribute in some way to the advancement of the scene. It cannot be extraneous, except if going off on tangents is an important part of the character’s personality. Other things to consider are if the dialogue fits the â€Å"universe†or the â€Å"given circumstances†of the story. Dialogue from Elizabethan times would be vastly different from that of today. And a Bostonian would speak much differently than a Canadian. You need to consider if the dialogue in any scene fits the characters. Are they highly educated or do they have little formal education? What are their economic backgrounds? You need to figure out any part of a character’s background, experience, and personality to have them speak â€Å"naturally.†What is natural for one character could be vastly different from what is natural for another. Further, the mood of the scene helps determine the type of dialogue. A scene in which a mother is trying to save a child from an attack by a rabid dog would certainly be different from that mother talking to her neighbor about an upcoming vacation. Character, Dialogue and The Scene More than all this, you need to keep in mind everything you already known about the  character and build on that. You also need to be sure that during any scene, particularly one of intense conflict, you need to reveal more and more about what the characters are like. This is true for the protagonist and the antagonist, but usually not so important for other characters, many of whom are there simply as â€Å"devices†to further the action. The less important the characters, the less the reader needs to know about them. If you spend too much time with these minor characters, you take away from the plot and lead the reader astray. The central characters have to be well-developed enough so that what they are willing to do to reach their goal is a logical outgrowth of the type of people they are. There also has to be a reason for other characters to be present in any scene. You need to ask yourself why they are necessary to the advancement of the plot. Each character in a plotted story, like the protagonist and the antagonist, has a goal. Maybe a husband’s goal is just to support to his wife in her struggles. Maybe it’s as simple as a mailman delivering a letter- his goal- that is important to the plot. Exposition, Dialogue and The Scene There’s also the matter of exposition. You need to determine everything the reader or audience member needs to know in order to understand the scene. Exposition establishes the time period, the location, the situation, and anything else the reader needs to know. At the same time it shouldn’t call undue attention to itself. The first of the two following examples is ludicrous; it’s intrusive and unnatural:      John: Well, here we are, the first day of our vacation in Paris, and we forgot to ask the Thompsons to water our plants while we're gone.     Marsha: Yes, and, like we discussed, we should have canceled the newspaper.     John: Oh, well, since this is the first vacation we've taken in the last eight years, we should just try to forget such things and enjoy our two weeks together.  Such a scene can come across as humorous or boring. Besides that, the characters are telling each other things they already know. Some of the information may be necessary for a reader to know, but presenting it this way doesn’t work. You could rewrite the same material to give it tension and conflict:      â€Å"For heaven’s sake, Marsha, how could you forget to ask the Thompson’s to water the plants?†    â€Å"I suppose, John, the same damn way you forgot to cancel the paper. I mean we did agree on who was responsible for what!†    â€Å"I take you to Paris- for a nice vacation, one I thought you’d appreciate- and you act like this.† Or take the following scene from Oscar Wilde’s The Importance of Being Earnest. The scene is pure exposition, yet Wilde makes it humorous, reveals lot of information about the two characters, and sets up what is to follow:  ALGERNON: How are you, my dear Earnest? What brings you up to town? JACK: Oh, pleasure, pleasure! What else should bring one anywhere? Eating as usual, I see Algy. ALGERNON: (Stiffly) I believe it is customary in good society to take some slight refreshment at five o’clock. Where have you been since last Thursday? JACK: (Sitting down on the sofa) In the country. ALGERNON: What on earth do you do there? JACK: (pulling off his gloves) When one is in town one amuses oneself. When one is in the country one amuses other people. It is excessively boring. ALGERNON: And who are the people you amuse? JACK: (airily) Oh, neighbours, neighbours. ALGERNON: Got nice neighbours in your part of Shropshire? JACK: Perfectly horrid! Never speak to them. ALGERNON: How immensely you must amuse them! (Goes over and takes a sandwich) By the way, Shropshire is your county, is it not? JACK: Eh? Shropshire? Yes, of course. Hallo! Why all these cups? Why cucumber sandwiches? Why such reckless extravagance in one so young? Who is coming to tea? ALGERNON: Oh! merely Aunt Augusta and Gwendolen. JACK: How perfectly delightful! ALGERNON: Yes, that is all very well; but I am afraid Aunt Augusta won't quite approve of your being here. JACK: May I ask why? ALGERNON: My dear fellow, the way you flirt with Gwendolen is perfectly disgraceful. It is almost as bad as the way Gwendolen flirts with you. JACK: I am in love with Gwendolen. I have come up to town expressly to propose to her. ALGERNON: I thought you had come up for pleasure?...I call that business. JACK: How utterly unromantic you are! ALGERNON: I really don’t see anything romantic in proposing. It is very romantic to be in love. But there is nothing romantic about a definite proposal. Why, one may be accepted. One usually is, I believe. Then the excitement is all over. The very essence of romance is uncertainty. If ever I get married, I’ll certainly try to forget the fact.  Some of the things we learn in this scene are that Jack and Algernon are good friends since Jack has felt comfortable enough to drop in unexpectedly. We learn that Jack will be serving tea to Gwendolen, whom he obviously intends to marry. We find that Jack and Gwendolen obviously love each other. Wilde also begins to reveal what the two men are like and hints at what is to follow. Furthermore, Wilde sets up a series of small conflicts. Many of the lines are humorous because we don’t expect them. In the following, the two characters had been hovering over their bodies in an emergency room. Suddenly, they swooped down†¦into the same body:      Frank opened his eyes.     "Well, Brad, I see we're awake," a female voice said.     Brad! What the hell was going on!     "What...what happened?" His voice sounded funny; he felt strange.     Brad woke up, his head filled with random images, alien thoughts. What's going on?He screamed inside his brain.     Stop the damned screaming!     What! Who are you?he asked.     Frank Willard. Who are you?     Bradley Booth.     What are you doing in my head?     You're in my body,Brad said. Get the hell out!     Your body? What happened to my...oh, my God!     What?Brad asked.     I was in this smash-up. A guy wasn't looking. An asshole in a semi. He pulled in front of me; I couldn’t even swerve.     You!Brad said. You were hovering. I thought how awful your body looked. A pile of rubbish!     Hey!     Yeah?     My body isn't... Oh, Jesus, I was up there, and floating beside me- You! Nothing seemed to be wrong with you.     Nothing wrong, you stupid shit! I'd been stung by a bee!     A bee? You were stung by a bee. What kind of person-     I'm allergic to bee stings, all right! I could die.     What kind of sissy are you, man?     Look, creep, you're the one who's dead.     Dead! Oh, Jesus.     You ...Brad sensed that part of his brain had gone to sleep. Oh, fuck. How could this be? He really was crazy.     Then he remembered. Somebody saying he was going to make it. At the instant he merged with his body, he felt another-     "Mr. Booth!"     "Yes," he said. "It's just me."  The second scene, presented humorously, is filled with conflict, though with elements of personality and some exposition involving the situation. But the scene sets up what is going to be a series of conflicts in which the two men have to solve the major problem of sharing the same body. Obviously, this is going to affect everything they try to do in that each is stubborn and refuses to give in to what the other wants. Some scenes are strictly narration, as in the following excerpt from a longer scene in which a man with serious mental problems has been trying repeatedly to kill a young actress. Though the scene consists only of his thoughts, we certainly get a glimpse into the sort of person he is and how he feels.      I said I loved Mary. I was going to kill her†¦ I love Mary. I love Ruthie. She'll have to have me. We're going to be married. If she doesn't marry me, I'll ki...     No, I love her. Damn it, I love her. I love Mary too; no, I don't, the little bitch.      Some scenes are strictly narrative. They may show a character jogging or traveling in a train or any one of dozens of other scenarios. Or they may be entirely descriptive. But they set up what is to follow; they anticipate and so build interest and suspense. __________     It is important to remember that each scene in a story is different and therefore has its own purpose and its own requirements. What you need to do is to determine that purpose and how you can do your best to achieve it.     Examine each element of your scene and figure out if it accomplishes what you want it to, and that it is consistent with the other scenes in the story or novel.     Does the dialogue fit the character, the situation, the mood, the time period? What is jarring about the conversation? What doesn’t fit?     Do the same with the important characters. Are they believable and consistent within the framework of the story? Is there anything out of place? If so, what, and how can it be fixed?     Is the scene interesting? Will it hold a reader’s attention? Is there tension and suspense? Have you written the scene so that it holds the reader’s attention and make him or her look forward to the next scene? Are the characters themselves interesting? Will the reader care about the protagonist and those close to him or her? If not, you need to make the character more appealing in whatever way you can. What can you do to make the reader care?     Writing a good scene is a matter of figuring out its purpose and following through in an interesting manner. If you do that, you should have no problems.   Marsh Cassady has Ph.D in theatre and is a former actor, director, and university professor. He is the author of fifty-seven published books and hundreds of shorter pieces. His plays have been performed in Canada, Mexico and the U.S., including Off-Broadway. For about eight years he was co-publisher of a small press and a literary journal. He has also taught creative writing at the University of California, San Diego, and for thirty-five years led all-genre writing workshops.
Thursday, November 21, 2019
See email Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words
See email - Essay Example In this research we will use Christopoulous and Tsionas (2004) model, where the growth rate of GDP is dependent of financial development along side with other variable. Some of the countries in the Asian economy which will be considered are South Korea, Hong Kong, Taiwan, Pakistan and China. These countries will be focused in trying to study the contribution of financial market in the process of developing the economy. They all have similar economic development progress, culture and geographic proximity, thus making it possible to be used in determining the impact of financial market to the overall economic growth in a particular economy. The results will vary depending on the nature of the economic system, pattern of financial system and the type of model used to analyze the data. A strong correlation that exists between economic growth and financial market is a well recognized fact which has received more attention by most economists. This can be supported by the revolutionary works of Walter Bagehot (1873) and Joseph Schumpeter (1912). Over time, the direction in financial markets has really evolved growth and a strong association of development with rapid capital increase. Generally, when there are no funds in a particular country, then, there is no incentive for economic development. Immediately after accumulation of funds and an increase in per capita, financial markets become very active with the emergence of the financial intermediaries that tend to grow in number and size. This economic growth has a positive change in the overall production level of goods and services in that particular economy. Most of the conventional economists suggest that, factors of production such as capital, land and labor are the key determinants of technological change and a re the main source of change in the production function. It is obvious that a well functioning financial
Tuesday, November 19, 2019
Improving Correctional Facilities Diversion Programs Assignment
Improving Correctional Facilities Diversion Programs - Assignment Example Some of the significant budget constraints that Correction officials have to observe include in the areas of staff remuneration, infrastructural development, and operational costs. The facilities above have an extensive range of services for prisoners such as recovery academies, anger, and career management for women prison and Lois DeBerry providing comprehensive special needs care, and they demand huge staff. However, due to few resources available, officials in these facilities have had to deal with staff turnover leading to constraining service delivery. As established by Tennessee advisory committee, Sheriffs responding to survey confirmed that most of the Tennessee jails are underfunded (Thurman, Lippard, Gibson & Green, 2007). Additionally, officials have had to succumb to budgetary constraints in the infrastructural development. The significant rise of prisoners in the facilities necessitates that the governments allocate enough money to not only expand and build new faciliti es but to innovatively redesign the old jails to reduce supervision levels (Moore, n.d). However, though officials have indicated to the governments the need for such adjustments, the rise of criminal incarceration has worsened the crisis further. There are different types of diversions programs, but all are structured to benefit different offenders for they ascribe to different requirements. The objective of these diversion programs is to reduce crime by establishing the underlying factors that may have contributed to an individual’s criminal conduct (Camilletti, 2010). Therefore, since the objective of these programs is to eliminate the likely factors leading to crime in an individual, they are often better served via community restitution plan rather than criminal justice sanction process. Consequently, such programs are more beneficial to offenders charged with misdemeanours and non-violent felonies than those charged with felonies and violent crimes. Such is perhaps due to the severity of the offenses committed by felonies and corresponding demand by the public to see swift justice done.
Saturday, November 16, 2019
Economic Effects Of U. S. Sugar Subsidy Policy Essay Example for Free
Economic Effects Of U. S. Sugar Subsidy Policy Essay Economists have for a long time studied and discussed the various effects of government subsidies and government support for specific industries and markets. In fact, in many colleges and universities, there are specific courses that are dedicated to the effects of public policy to both private and public firms as well as the overall market in which these firms operate in. These economic concepts, in turn, help policymakers make sense of the causes and effects of various incentives that are driven by government interventions to the market. However, as we shall soon discover in the discussion in our paper, even the science and economics have conflicting theories regarding such public incentives and support to industries. In fact, over the decades in the development of public policy and micro economic choice, steps have been made so much so that various domino effects work experience. However, this does not mean that any theoretical or conceptual model could not be applied to real world situations even various market imperfections where in traditional economic theories break down. In fact, even with the assumption of perfect markets which is a basic impossibility especially in todays complicated economy and arena of public policy economics may be able to predict and forecast various results from decisions that are made by the government with respect to incentives and disincentives within industry. In this paper, we shall be looking at the effects of the United States sugar subsidy policy. In order to do this, we would be using the three basic analytical tools that come from the larger body of micro economic analysis. The first is by using a comparative static model of incentives within a market by government intervention. The second analytical framework that we shall use is another comparative static model with regards to the median voter theorem and its effects to public choice in sugar subsidy policy in the country. The third framework which we shall be using is that which has been developed by recent Nobel Prize in economics winners in the analysis of government support and its overall effect in the arena of globalization and international trade. By using these analytical frameworks, we hopefully could be able to capture the economic effects of the United States sugar subsidy policy not only in the industry itself but also in the country as well as the consumers living in the country as well. Comparative Static Analysis of the United States Sugar Subsidy Policy in an Economic Market The first analysis that the papers shall be using is a comparative static analysis of a subsidy granted by the United States government to the sugar industry in the country. A comparative static analysis is simply an analysis of an economic incentive or even a disincentive while holding all other things constant. In the real world, a comparative static analysis may be difficult to implement and make sense of especially because variables affecting the market, the industries, or even individual firms, interact with each other all the time. However, if we are to integrate all the variables involved perhaps using econometric estimation and lean your regression analysis in order to indicate these variables we still would not be able to segregate the effects of a single factor in this case a policy which gives the sugar industry subsidy the overall economy. The discipline of economics usually makes use of such all other things held constant rule in order to make the analytical framework more clear and the analysis more concise by segregating just one variable. The analysis of the sugar subsidy policy uses a micro economic model of the firm. In this micro economic model, we assume a horizontal demand curve because the firm is a price taker and imposition of the marginal cost, the average cost, the average variable cost, and the total cost curve. In such a situation, sugar firms would choose to produce at that point where in price equals marginal revenue equals marginal cost. In such a condition, the affect of aggregating all the firms in the sugar industry would give us the traditional perfect market situation downward sloping demand curve upward sloping supply curve. This is a situation where in there is not yet any subsidy which the government had chosen to implement in the sugar industry. However, in the case that the government chooses to give subsidy to the sugar industry, the effect would be to significantly reduce the average cost and total cost curves of the firm by reducing the fixed costs. In a partial equilibrium model, it would result to the shifting of the supply curve to the right and therefore the ability to produce higher quantities by the firm while at the same time effectively decreasing the price of sugar. This is the approach using traditional analytical frameworks of microeconomics in order to understand the subsidy that is made by the government. In fact, this analysis may be implemented into any kind of industry which is subsidized by the government in order to produce its final output. However, we must remember that this is approach only using an economic model. In order to understand the applications of such a theory and to prove it, economic researchers have estimated and made various studies to show that this is indeed the case that the curse in real-world events and could have a significant effect even considering all variables into the analysis. Of course, in order for the theory to hold, econometric estimation must also be able to prove that subsidies do in fact affect the supply curve of the industry. This is exactly what has been constituted in the larger body of research regarding government interventions to specific industries. As early as a study made in 1977 which analyzed the equilibrium effects of United States sugar policy, significant supply curve shifts were estimated by economists after such super policies regarding subsidies had been implemented by the government (Gordon Gemmill, 1977). In fact, as the research noted, although there was only a minor influence on the price that was implemented after subsidies had been injected into this sugar industry, quantities significantly change as a result of the increased supply that was allowed by the subsidy. Earlier in 1970, there was already indicate that legislative bias for the United States sugar program which involved a high degree of domestic protectionism which simply means that injection of policy by the government to sugar producers. However, an interesting thing to note in such study is that not only were the policy recommendations for the domestic sugar industry but also for international and foreign countries sugar industry as well locations which have comparative advantage in sugar production and which could directly benefit the United States in the long run if such industries were conducted. This analysis would be integrated into the third concept and discussion of our paper. What is important that this research is pointing out, however, for this section, is that sugar subsidies do indeed increase quantities of sugar producers because of the lowering of costs as a result of the subsidy. In fact, such quantity increase effects are not only segregate into the United States but other countries as well. In many developing economies, and in economies which are significantly different from the United States, an increase in market subsidy to the sugar industry also increases quantity in those countries, showing that such economic effects are not only segregate into one geographical location and one kind of economy but also to the spectrum of economies of countries as well (Nelson Panggabean, 1991). In such a partial equilibrium analysis, perhaps the immediate conclusion that could be made is that it is beneficial to consumers as a whole. Using the framework, it would be obvious that the lowering of price and the lowering of the production cost of sugar in the sugar industry would be beneficial both for sugar farmers as well as the consumers who would be buying sugar. However, a negative effect that a subsidy may make in such a framework is that it could be unfair to those directly competing against the sugar markets. However, such an argument may not be so strong. The arguments against the subsidy is made by the United States government to the sugar industry could be further developed in the second and third section and analytical framework of the paper. The Median Voter Theorem and Why There Are Sugar Subsidy Policies in the United States An argument that has been developed by economists which goes against recommendations for implementing subsidies on certain industries is the implementation of the median voter theorem. Remember that subsidies are basically policy recommendations that are made by individuals such as lawmakers, legislators, and the greater body of politicians. According to standard economic theory, these individuals in a representative government are selected by the population through the mechanism of voting. And if we consider the population distribution to be a perfectly normal bell curve, there are individuals in extremes of the issue in this case not to implement a subsidy and to implement full subsidy but a larger number of people in the median area of the population distribution. However, the median voter theorem also states that there are discrepancies within the voting situation. A powerful group which has lobbying power, although would derive less benefit from the summation of all consumers, could be able to conceivably shape electoral results because of such lobbying powers and financial support since they are the ones who have a larger incentive in the choosing of a certain candidate which would eventually approve a sugar subsidy policy. For example, consumers would not give a few dollars each in order to lobby against support for a certain policy, but the sugar producers, who have enough incentives, maybe both lobby themselves to carry out such a vote. Even though the elected body of government representatives may in fact be the winner of the elections, it is not necessary that they won because they have the largest and best purpose of the consumers into mind. There are literature regarding such topic proving that the median voter theorem indeed does work in society where in there are individual lobbying powers and incentives for groups. In 1991, a study was made on electoral and voting process where there are specific preferences for individuals with larger incentives and the aggregate society. This study points out that even though there are larger benefits and welfare implications for the whole society if a specific policy is not implemented, having less incentives than those wishing to implement the policy would eventually drive the vote towards those with greater incentives (Caplin Nalebuff, 1991). Another article published earlier in 1989 presented such a theoretical model in the analysis and determination of the level of Social Security that is provided to individuals. Again, they use the median voter theory in a representative democracy and capital market. As has been shown, there are more incentives for some individuals to lobby against the policy and even though Social Security increase would benefit the society greater, it was not implemented fully because of such lobbying power of specific sides (Boadway Wildasin, 1989). Trade Theories and the United States Sugar Subsidy Using standard economic trade theories and frameworks, we could perhaps be able to develop the best argument against the government implementing a specific policy for protection reasons or for any other reasons that are offered in the legislative body. Instead their trade theory, implementing a protectionist policy such as the subsidy would lead to a less efficient comparative advantage situation in the sugar industry in the United States. Although it would definitely be able to provide short run increases in the income of producers, there are much worse effects. The first is that prices would be much higher in the domestic market. A subsidy together with a protectionist policy would make and force consumers to buy sugar at a higher price than that is offered in a global competitive market without such protectionist policies. If it was the subsidy alone, then it could be perhaps beneficial to the consumers while there are certain losses in the government model. However, usually, and specifically for the United States sugar policy with regards to subsidies, protectionist policies are also implemented. This means that consumers are forced to buy sugar at higher prices in the domestic market than they would otherwise pay if sugar was imported by countries which offer the same goods at lower prices in a perfectly competitive model of trade. As an overall result, there would be welfare increases for the side of the producer surplus but decreases in the consumer surplus and the government revenues. However, the dominant argument made by past and even some precedent economists is that some industries have to be protected because they do not have comparative advantage to other producers of sugar taking into consideration the implementation of free trade in the world today. Such arguments for example are the import substitution industrialization that had been put forward by two German economists in the 1960s which says that by protecting domestic industries in the short run, they would be able to catch up to the ventral comparative advantage. In fact, it is not only the United States sugar industry which implemented such policies but domestic agricultural goods all over the world especially in third world and developing countries. At first, this might have seemed like a good idea. However, eventually, it was found that implementing a specific subsidy to the sugar industry might have long term problematic effects. For example, by implementing such a subsidy, local domestic sugar producers would not have enough incentives in order to improve such sugar production technology. In fact, this has been proven to be the case. In the implementation of local production protection of sugar, less and less farmers were willing to innovate in the productive capacity given that there are even available technologies for such an improvement. The reason for this is that they are already enjoying lower production costs because of the subsidies. Such a framework eventually results in the shifting of the production frontiers of sugar in other countries while the production function of sugar in the domestic economy remains the same. The lack of incentives is a direct result from the lack of competition in an industry and the result is after a few years perhaps a decade productive technologies and capacities by other sugar markets would eventually overtake that of the domestic protected market. It is in fact already an interesting point that the United States is even implementing such sugar subsidy policies even though past economies and studies have been made regarding its detrimental effect to the long-run profitability of the market and the welfare of producers (Pollitt, 1997). In fact, we do not even need to look so far away for sugar subsidy policies have been implemented in the United States and the historical proof of the infectivity of such subsidy policies have already been well documented and studied by economists and policymakers (Horton, 1970). Even recently, trade liberalization policies were studied between the United States and the European Union sugar trade industry and were found to have detrimental effects in one market implemented a specific policy on the production of their sugar supply (Won W. Koo, 2002). Conclusion using these three frameworks, we could be able to conclude that by implementing a subsidy in the United States sugar industry, the country may be able to see short-term benefits because of price reduction and the welfare increase of sugar farmers and producers as low as those involved in the sugar market distribution. However, in the long run, as our analytical framework and even the practical research in previous literature and references have shown, implementing such a sugar policy is not only inefficient because of the actual background of decision-making through the median voter theorem, but also would be able to hurt the farmers and sugar producers themselves in the long run because of implementing a protection industry and the continuous decrease of comparative advantages as a result of the increase in technology in perfectly competitive markets which have not been subsidized by the government. To this end, economics teaches us that a subsidy, although helps in the long run producers, would hurt short run government revenues and consumers as well as long-run profitability of sugar markets from all aspects. References Boadway, R. W. , Wildasin, D. E. (1989). A Median Voter Model of Social Security. International Economic Review, 30(2), 307-328. doi: 10. 2307/2526649. Caplin, A. , Nalebuff, B. (1991). Aggregation and Social Choice: A Mean Voter Theorem. Econometrica, 59(1), 1-23. doi: 10. 2307/2938238. Gordon Gemmill. (1977). An Equilibrium Analysis of U. S. Sugar Policy. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 59(4), 609-618. doi: 10. 2307/1239388. Horton, D. C. (1970). Policy Directions for the United States Sugar Program. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 52(2), 185-196. doi: 10. 2307/1237489. Nelson, G. C. , Panggabean, M. (1991). The Costs of Indonesian Sugar Policy: A Policy Analysis Matrix Approach. American Journal of Agricultural Economics, 73(3), 703-712. doi: 10. 2307/1242822. Pollitt, B. H. (1997). The Cuban Sugar Economy: Collapse, Reform and Prospects for Recovery. Journal of Latin American Studies, 29(1), 171-210. doi: 10. 2307/158075. Won W. Koo. (2002). Alternative U. S. and EU Sugar Trade Liberalization Policies and Their Implications. Review of Agricultural Economics, 24(2), 336-352. doi: 10. 2307/1349764.
Thursday, November 14, 2019
Hemingway :: essays papers
Hemingway Ernest Hemingway once said, "As you get older, it is harder to have heroes, but it is sort of necessary." Hemingway knew this because he actually invented his famous code hero. The Hemingway code hero was a macho man that indulged in liquor, women, and food, and usually did not fear God. While reading The Old Man and the Sea, the reader is not exposed to the usual Hemingway code hero. Hemingway creates an aging hero that proves to be the opposite of the normal code hero by his disinterest in physical pleasures, the presence of religion, and the presence of a companion. Santiago, the main character in the story, does not divulge in any pleasures what so ever. It almost seems as though he is trying to make himself suffer. Everyday, Santiago hardly eats anything but a little fish or coffee. He does not have any relationships with women in the story, as many Hemingway novels have included. While Santiago is out on the boat, he does not let himself stray from the task at hand even though it is very uncomfortable. The Hemingway code hero would be the exact opposite of Santiago. He would eat large meals every day, make love to many women, and never put himself in a position that he did not like. The code hero would do everything as though it was the last time he was doing it because he did not believe strongly in the presence of God. Santiago was different because he believed in God, and prayed to him for help throughout the story. While he was at sea, he often prayed that he would get the fish or that he would live to see the fish brought to the village. Santiago did not fear death and the reader senses that Santiago believes that if he dies, he will go to heaven. The story is also filled with many biblical references and the whole book has a religious theme. Hemingway does not usually have his code heroes be religious, and most of them feel that they only have this time on earth and they had better make the best out of it. Finally , Hemingway's code hero differs in The Old Man and the Sea because of the presence of the boy that is Santiago's companion.
Tuesday, November 12, 2019
Communication on the Internet
Communication on the InternetCommunication before the discovery of internet is only imparted through auditory means, body languages and manual writing. The technology of internet however gave people many options on how to communicate faster and easier. The most popular use of the Internet is communication. The creation of every technology is originally for his advantage. However, man as rational and creative beings always seek ways to make something more beneficial to them even if it is immoral.Communication seems to be the foremost target or objective of internet. Human beings can now communicate in a fraction of second with an individual who is sitting in the other part of the world with the help of plenty messenger services. People can now avail the facilities of email, friendster, facebook, myspace, chat and others. Through these social networking sites, it allows anyone to view information about them which includes photos, blogs, favorites, videos etc.It is an excellent way to k eep in touch and maintain relationships with family and friends. It is now becoming easier to widen one’s social network and establish a kind of global friendship where you can share your thoughts and ideas. Moreover, the opportunity of global friendship that the internet creates will give one an opportunity to explore other culture, tradition and social orientation. It widens people understanding about human nature, why and how things happen. Today, groups or communities have sprung up on the internet where people of common interest discuss common issues thus create shared understanding. Many people through blogs and websites share their information about their interests or hobbies. When the information has been read by someone with same hobbies and interest too, it is easy to make friends and contact. Generally, internet is becoming a friendly place that offers cheap and easy alternative to traditional methods of communication.However, internet can be very deceiving too. Pe ople can readily post wrong information about themselves to impress and get attention. There are internet users who used messaging system to create an intimate relationship with someone they don’t know and even see in person. They unconsciously seek belongingness on those people they meet through the internet. As a result, they give too much emotional attachment and trust that may result to higher expectations. In the internet, people can easily exaggerate things about themselves though the power of language.When a particular net communicator ask someone â€Å"what is the color of your hair?†, instead of saying â€Å"black hair†the receiver may say â€Å"jet black hair†. Or when being asked â€Å"what is color of your eyes?†, instead of saying â€Å"brown eyes†, the receiver may say â€Å"deep brown eyes†. The use of impressive and descriptive words has psychological effects on the receiver. He may likely create wrong impressions and expectations that when he finally meets that person, he will easily get discourage. The internet eliminates the physical aspects of relationships which are very significant to establish a connection.Communicating online is becoming a trend and face to face interaction is not already a commonplace. For those people who are less personal and interactive, they tend to use internet to create social connection. These people are most of the time have low self esteem and has lots of social anxieties. When they can’t be seen or identified, they are more willing and comfortable to open up and share true feelings. However, the receiver who doesn’t hear the tone, who doesn’t see the physical language and doesn’t feel the strength and vulnerability of its emotions, may misinterpret the meaning.As a result, the receiver is more likely to pass wrong judgment and the person giving the information is more likely to get hurt. Moreover, communication via internet instead of face to face will lessen one’s opportunity to meet new people and to create true personal friendship outside home. It will also lessen one’s chance to enhance his communication skills and to work out his social anxieties. Moreover, some people are getting addicted on internet communication that makes them set aside their physical interactions on friends and family. Communication online unconsciously encourage online courtship and friendship too which is not always effective. To fully invest emotionally with someone, there must be a constant human contact where you share experiences that will make you effectively learn together.Since you can easily lie on internet communication, the ability to escape identity is more likely to happen. People can easily fulfill their illusions about themselves via the internet. People can easily send wrong information to feel belong which resulted to losing themselves. Moreover, internet communication sometimes discourages conflict re solution. If two communicators are faced with conflicts, they can easily log off or sign off and not to deal with the issue at hand. It is postponing issues that are most of the time unhealthy.Internet is not only used to create intrapersonal relationships where you disclose something personal about yourself. Internet also becomes an effective tool in business communication. Since internet is inexpensive sometimes free, instant and reliable than conventional communication, more and more people are making business online. Some sell and promote products via the internet and some shop at home. Some has given the option to work at home through freelancing.However, one disadvantage of these conveniences provided by the internet is that it might unconsciously discourage people to make human contact. Thus, will make their experience less meaningful. An internet marketer keeps him away from human contact thus a greater possibility to feel lonely and isolated. Everybody needs to meet people and socialize. Your personal experience with them will create more rapport. You will also learn from them and get to know yourself more as well. The feedback you acquire from them is more genuine than those web savvies. Moreover, conducting online transactions will create inability of both consumers and businesses to evaluate the credibility and legitimacy of the transaction.Internet on business saves time and money. Internet through chat and electronic mails made it possible for the employees to be able to communicate with the clients and management. These apparently cut down expenses since employees or companies don’t have to spend in traveling to attend business meetings. It will also increase the productivity of the employees since the easy and instant communication via the internet will give them more time to finish more activities.However, the experience to go to places and see it yourself will be lessening. To physically and visually experience something has a greater impact and has a greater meaning. But there are also people who used internet for their own advantage through using online communication in acquiring knowledge from different kinds of people. They treat online communication as a great opportunity to gather information in an interactive manner – that includes exchanging information through personal email messages and support groups.Since communication via the internet widens one’s social network, it is inevitable sometimes that people acquire some inappropriate culture from other countries. They might be easily influenced by friends abroad who enjoy such culture. They might apply it even though it is apparently inappropriate to adapt in his own society.Communication can be very effective on the internet. However, on the internet you can not completely assume that the information is private. There are people or predators who can you’re your trust but eventually put you on dangerous situations for their own advanta ge. But on the other side, â€Å"internet makes it easier for governmental and private sector entities to obtain information about consumers and possibly use that information to the consumer’s detrimental†.
Saturday, November 9, 2019
Calculating Ankle Joint Angular Kinematics Health And Social Care Essay
Kinematic information was obtained at 350Hz via an eight camera gesture analysis system as participants ran at 4.0ms-1+5 % , angles were created utilizing the coiling method and about XYZ, ZXY, XZY, YXZ, YZX and YXZ rotary motion cardan sequences.The consequences indicate that important scope of gesture chief effects were observed for the coronal and cross plane. Furthermore, it was besides observed that extremum angle chief effects were found for the coronal and cross planes. Post-hoc analyses revealed that ROM and extremum values utilizing the YXZ sequence and extremum values utilizing the ZXY sequence were significantly greater than the others.A popular method of quantifying the angular place of a stiff dynamic frame with regard to a mention frame is via the use of independent angles known normally as cardan or Euler angles ( Schace et al. , 2001 ) . Cardan/Euler rotary motions are obtained by agencies of an order sequence of rotary motions ( Schace et al. , 2001 ) . Rotations are considered to happen about the axis of the section co-ordniate system. For illustration during an XYZ cardan sequence of rotary motions, the section is rotated about the X axes by an angle A, so rotates about a revolved Y ‘ by an angle B and so eventually rotated about a twice rotated Z †axes by an angle C ( Scahce et al. , 2001 ) . For a given gesture, different cardan sequences can act upon the angular computations ( Cole et al. , 1993 ) . The International Society of Biomechanics ( ISB ) recommends that joint angles be calculated utilizing an XYZ sequence of rotary motions ( Wu and Cavanagh 1995 ) . However, the big sum of sagittal plane gesture during pace can encroach on the representation of motions outside the sagittal plane ( transverse talk ) , ensuing in greater than expected coronal/transverse plane articulation profiles ( Thewlis et al. , 2008 ) . As such it has been proposed that the XYZ sequence when applied to rotary motions outside the sagittal plane may non be the most appropriate method. A choice figure of probes have examined the influence that changing the sequence of rotary motions has on the representation of segmental kinematics ( Schace et al. , 2001, Kavaduna et al. , 2000, Tupling and Pierrynowski 1987 and Thewlis et al. , 2008 ) . However none of these probes have focused on the consequence that changing the sequence may hold on ankle joint kinematics. In add-on to the normally used method of Cardan angles, coiling angles ( Woltring et al. , 1985 ) can besides be used to depict joint gesture when projected on to a plane. The coiling method from a mention place is described in footings of rotary motion about and interlingual rendition along a individual line or axis in infinite ( Robertson et al. , 2004 ) . The ankle articulation plays a cardinal function in the stance stage pace rhythm. In combination with the hip and articulatio genus articulations the mortise joint facilitates motive power and transmits forces and minutes during the stance stage when the pes is regarded as the interface of the human locomotor system with the environment. Therefore, motion of the mortise joint is an of import constituent of pace mechanics and as such the right reading of its motion is indispensable in kinematic analyses. This survey investigated the influence of the coiling method every bit good as the 6 available cardan sequences on ankle joint kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and cross planes.MethodParticipants Eleven male participants volunteered to take portion in this probe ( age 19 + 1 old ages ; Height 176.5 + 5.2 centimeter ; Mass 78.4 + 9.0 kilogram ) . All were injury free at the clip of informations aggregation and completed an informed consent signifier. Ethical blessing for this undertaking was obtained from the School of Psychology moralss commission, University of Central Lancashire and each participant provided verbal consent. A statistical power analysis of pilot informations was conducted in order to cut down the likeliness of a type II mistake and find the minimal figure participants needed for this probe. It was found that the sample size was sufficient to supply more than 70 % statistical power in the experimental step. Procedure An eight camera gesture analysis system ( Qualisys Medical AB, Goteburg, Sweden ) captured kinematic informations at 350Hz from each participant running at 4.0ms-1. Velocity was controlled utilizing infrared photoelectric cells Newtest 300 ( Newtest, Oy Koulukatu 31 B 11 90100 Oulu Finland ) , a maximal divergence of + 5 % from the in agreement speed was allowed. Participants ran over a force platform ( Kistler, Kistler Instruments Ltd. , Alton, Hampshire, UK ; Model 9281CA ) , stance clip was determined as the clip over which 20N or greater of perpendicular force was applied to the force platform. The marker set used for the survey was based on the CAST technique ( Cappozo et al. , ( 1995 ) . Retro-reflective markers were attached to the 1st and 5th metatarsal caputs, median and sidelong maleoli, median and sidelong epicondyle of the thighbone, with a tracking bunch positioned on the right shank. A inactive test was captured to specify the pes and tibial sections. Kinematic parametric quantities were quantified utilizing Ocular 3-D ( C-Motion Inc, Gaithersburg, USA ) and filtered utilizing at 6 Hz utilizing a zero-lag low base on balls Butterworth 4th order filter following insertion with a maximal spread fill of 10 frames. Five tests of ankle joint rotary motion during stance were averaged for each participant. Angles were created about an XYZ, ZXY, XZY, YXZ, YZX and YXZ rotary motion cardan sequence referenced to organize systems about the proximal terminal of the section, where Ten is flexion-extension ; Y is ab-adduction and is Z is internal-external rotary motion. Statistical Analysis Descriptive statistics including agencies and standard divergences were calculated for each status. Differences in stance stage kinematic variables were examined utilizing perennial steps ANOVA ‘s with significance accepted at the P & A ; lt ; 0.05 degree. The Mauchly ‘s sphericalness premise was violated in all instances and as such the grades of freedom of the F statistic were adjusted via the Greenhouse Geisser rectification. The Shapiro-wilk statistic for each status confirmed that the informations were usually distributed. Appropriate post-hoc analyses were conducted utilizing a Bonferroni rectification to command for type I error. Effect sizes were calculated utilizing an Eta2. Cohen ‘s suggestion sing effects sizes was observed ( little R & A ; lt ; 0.3 ; medium R & A ; gt ; 0.3 and & A ; lt ; 0.5 ; big & A ; gt ; 0.5. All statistical processs were conducted utilizing SPSS 17.0.ConsequenceTables 1 and 2 present scopes of gesture and peak angles observed in al l three planes of rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence.Table1: Mean ( and standard divergence ) scope of gesture ( deg ) for each rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence ( * = important chief consequence ) n=11.Ten Yttrium Omega XYZ 27.94 + 10.34 5.62 + 3.86 4.67 + 3,21 XZY 26.75 + 11.35 5.29 + 5.13 5.88 + 4.52 YXZ 25.67 + 11.45 17.04 + 11.95 15.22 + 10.45 YZX 26.51 + 11.37 6.86 + 5.83 4.08 + 2.04 ZXY 26.38 + 10.12 15.96 + 27.51 28.78 + 11.73 ZYX 24.52 + 12.17 6.16 + 6.47 4.09 + 2.17 Coiling 25.45+8.64 5.26 + 6233 5.08 + 2.72 Main Effect**Table 2: Mean ( and standard divergence extremum values ) ( deg ) for each rotary motion as a map of cardan sequence ( * = important chief consequence ) n=11.Ten Yttrium Omega XYZ -87.65 + 3.83 -11.04 + 5.48 -2.14 + 4.53 XZY -87.70 + 3.57 -11.15 + 5.46 0.21 + 4.78 YXZ -84.07 + 5.05 -68.25 + 24.29 -71.01 + 20.91 YZX -87.64 + 3.68 1.00 + 4.97 -11.71 + 4.80 ZXY -87.7 + 3.66 1.07 + 20.47 -1.42 + 13.41 ZYX -84.6 + 3.75 -3.18 + 4.88 -11.78 + 4.81 Coiling -87.75 + 2.40 -7.40 + 7.68 -11.91 + 3.27 Main Effect**The consequences indicate that important scope of gesture chief effects were observed for the coronal F ( 1.85, 16.66 ) = 10.04, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2= 0.53 and cross plane F ( 2.04, 18.39 ) =21.91, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2=0.71. Post-hoc analyses revealed that both coronal and cross plane ROM utilizing the YXZ and ZXY sequences was significantly greater than the others. Furthermore, it was besides observed that extremum angle chief effects were found for the coronal F ( 2.28, 20.48 ) = 82.99, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2=0.90 and transverse planes F ( 2.08, 18.72 ) = 80.49, P & A ; lt ; 0.05, eta2= 0.90. Post-hoc analyses revealed that peak coronal and cross plane angles utilizing the YXZ sequence were significantly greater than the others.Figure 1: Ankle joint kinematics in the sagittal, coronal and cross planes as a map of cardan sequence ( XYZ= black, XZY= red, YXZ=yellow, YZX=blue, ZXY= cyan, ZYX=green and Helical =purple.DiscussionEuler/Cardan angles are used extensive ly within the Fieldss of clinical and sport biomechanics. However, the consequence of changing the sequence of rotary motions has yet to be investigated with regard to the ankle articulation composite. The consequences indicate that changing the sequence of rotary motions when detecting kinematics in the sagittal plane has no important affect on joint scope of gesture parametric quantities. This is unsurprising given the laterality of sagittal plane gesture at the mortise joint during pace. Leading to the decision that choosing the appropriate sequence of rotary motions is non an issue when look intoing kinematics in the sagittal plane. However, for the coronal and cross planes a important consequence was found in footings of both the scope of gesture and peak angle observed during the stance stage. The consequences of this survey with regard to the mortise joint articulation found that the ZXY and YXZ sequences significantly affected ankle joint kinematics bring forthing highly big values for both scope of gesture and peak angles. The mistake associated with these sequences is such that the kinematic estimations are anatomically unrealistic. It is interesting to observe that the two combinations which were observed to be significantly different from the others ( YXZ and ZXY ) each had X 2nd in the order of rotary motions. This was the instance even when the principal axis under probe is placed foremost ( i.e. ZXY when detecting transverse plane rotary motion and YXZ when detecting coronal plane rotary motion ) , where one would presume that the comparative orientation could non be affected by the grade of sagittal plane gesture holding been placed after it in the sequence. It appears based on these consequences that the ISB recommendations are appropriate for the representation of ankle joint kinematics and as such its usage is encouraged, as it will let comparing of future research trying to quantify ankle joint gesture performed by different research workers. In add-on the consequences suggest that the YXZ and ZXY sequences produce the greatest mistake and therefore the use of these sequences to quantify ankle gesture outside the sagittal plane is strongly discouraged. This survey emphasizes the demand for methods leting joint kinematics to be measured accurately. Therefore, guaranting joint map is represented right.
Thursday, November 7, 2019
Percy Bysshe Shelley essays
Percy Bysshe Shelley essays Percy Bysshe Shelley, from the early 19th century, was the most determinedly professional writer of all the English Romantic poets . This is seen in not only his symphonic poems like the Ode to the West Wind, his lyrical sonnets such as Lines written among the Euganean Hills amongst The Cloud, To a Skylark and many others, his political rhymes like The Revolt of Islam and Queen Mab and his narrative verses like Adonais, Alastor and Epipsychidion. It is also obvious in his poetic dramas with Prometheus Unbound and The Cenci as prime examples and his famous essay The Defense of Poetry. In Shelleys view, the poet is a dreamer, a visionary who must use these dreams and visions to persuade men to shake off the chains of the past, of custom, of selfishness, and to press onward to the vital task of constructing a world characterized by kindness, generosity, and love. Shelley was born the eldest son of a wealthy squire on August 4th, 1792 at Field Place near Horsham. He attended Eton, the most famous of the English public schools , where he was bullied by older boys and resented their tyranny and became determined to fight against all forms of tyranny . At university, Shelley began reading books by radical political writers due to the influence of Sir Francis Burdett, the radical M.P who he met through his father and who really impressed him. He read the book Inquiry Concerning Political Justice, by William Godwin who was an atheist and anarchist. Godwins optimistic view of the nature of man appealed to Shelleys native idealism, his readiness to believe the best of man. Following the example of the master, Shelley became an atheist. Then came the Necessity of Atheism, a pamphlet expressing his support of Atheism and attacking the idea that Christianity is forced upon people. March 25th, 1811 would be the date that Oxford University expel...
Tuesday, November 5, 2019
The History and Invention of the Jet Engine
The History and Invention of the Jet Engine Although the invention of the jet engine can be traced back to the aeolipile made around 150 B.C., Dr. Hans von Ohain and Sir Frank Whittle are both recognized as being the co-inventors of the jet engine as we know it today, even though each worked separately and knew nothing of the others work. Jet propulsion is defined simply as any forward movement caused by the backward ejection of a high-speed jet of gas or liquid. In the case of air travel and engines, jet propulsion means that the machine itself is powered by jet fuel. While Von Ohain is considered the designer of the first operational turbojet engine, Whittle was first to register a patent for his schematics of a prototype, in 1930. Von Ohain obtained a patent for his prototype in 1936, and his jet was the first to fly in 1939. Whittles took off for the first time in 1941. While von Ohain and Whittle may be the acknowledged fathers of modern jet engines, many grandfathers came before them, guiding them as they paved the way for the jet engines of today. Early Jet Propulsion Concepts The aeolipile of 150 BCE was created as a curiosity and never used for any practical mechanical purpose. In fact, it wouldnt be until the invention of the fireworks rocket in the 13th century by Chinese artists that a practical use for jet propulsion was first implemented. In 1633, Ottoman Lagari Hasan Çelebi used a cone-shaped rocket powered by jet propulsion to fly up into the air and a set of wings to glide it back to a successful landing. However, because rockets are inefficient at low speeds for general aviation, this use of jet propulsion was essentially a one-time stunt. In any event, his effort was rewarded with a position in the Ottoman Army. Between the 1600s and World War II, many scientists experimented with hybrid engines to propel aircraft. Many used one of the piston engines forms- including air-cooled and liquid-cooled inline and rotary and static radial engines- as the power source for aircraft. Sir Frank Whittles Turbojet Concept Sir Frank Whittle was an English aviation engineer and pilot who joined the Royal Air Force as an apprentice, later becoming a test pilot in 1931. Whittle was only 22 when he first thought to use a gas turbine engine to power an airplane. The young officer tried unsuccessfully to obtain official support for the study and development of his ideas but was ultimately forced to pursue his research on his own initiative. He received his first patent on turbojet propulsion in January 1930. Armed with this patent, Whittle again sought funding to develop a prototype; this time successfully. He began construction of his first engine in 1935 a single-stage centrifugal compressor coupled to a single-stage turbine. What was meant to be only a laboratory test rig was successfully bench-tested in April 1937, effectively demonstrating the feasibility of the turbojet concept. Power Jets Ltd. the firm with which Whittle was associated received a contract for a Whittle engine known as the W1 on July 7, 1939. In February 1940, the Gloster Aircraft Company was chosen to develop the Pioneer, the small engine aircraft the W1 engine was earmarked to power; the historic first flight of the Pioneer took place on May 15, 1941. The modern turbojet engine used today in many British and American aircraft is based on the prototype invented by Whittle. Dr. Hans von Ohains Continuous Cycle Combustion Concept Hans von Ohain was a German airplane designer who obtained his doctorate in physics at the University of Gà ¶ttingen in Germany, later becoming the junior assistant to Hugo Von Pohl, director of the Physical Institute at the university. At the time, von Ohain was investigating a new type of aircraft engine that did not require a propeller. Only 22 years old when he first conceived the idea of a continuous cycle combustion engine in 1933, von Ohain patented a jet propulsion engine design in 1934 very similar in concept to that of Sir Whittle, but different in internal arrangement. Upon the mutual recommendation of Hugo von Pohl, Von Ohain joined German aircraft builder Ernst Heinkel, at the time seeking assistance in new airplane propulsion designs, in 1936. He continued development of his jet propulsion concepts, successfully bench-testing one of his engines in September 1937. Heinkel designed and constructed a small aircraft known as the Heinkel He178, to serve as a testbed for this new propulsion system, which flew for the first time on August 27, 1939. Von Ohain went on to develop a second, improved jet engine known as the He S.8A, which was first flown on April 2, 1941.
Saturday, November 2, 2019
Animal Cruelty Speech or Presentation Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words
Animal Cruelty - Speech or Presentation Example Besides fighting for an end in anima cruelty, these groups are concerned with the formulation of policies to help animal cruelty, animal health, and nutrition and well as proper slaughtering of animals. Indeed, animals cannot speak for themselves. For this reason, such groups become important in the fight against their cruelty. Policies and Foundations started to help animals As mentioned earlier, the increased instances of animal cruelty in the recent past has led to the formulation of policies and foundations solely aimed at reducing animal cruelty. In the United States for instance, there exist thousands of such polices and foundations. In 1966, the Animal Welfare Act was enacted (Brewster 163). This law laid the legal framework upon which the protection against animal cruelty was established. The law has undergone various amendments including the most recent 2007 amendment. So far, this is the only legislation that regulates the treatment of animals during research, transport, ex hibition among others. There are other federal and state policies, legislations and guidelines which are also aimed at controlling animal treatment and use. However, all these tend to refer to the Animal Welfare Act. ... Such societies include the Massachusetts Society for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals and the Animal Control Association for those living in Texas(Brewster 63). Among other roles, these societies advocate for the adoption of measures aimed at protecting animals from cruelty. For instance, the Animal Control Association for those Living in Texas has instituted a wide range of measures and guidelines aimed at controlling the way people treat animals so as to protect them against unfair harm and cruelty. The policies, regulations and guidelines set aside to protect animals against cruelty play a significant role. Among other things, they: Enlighten the public and sensitize them on matters regarding animal cruelty. Sensitize the public on their duties and responsibility to ensure animal cruelty is avoided. Prepare and avail relevant information regarding to the control of animals against cruelty and harm. Provide expertise on animal safety to various groups as people at different levels. Identify and making recommendation regarding various challenges that need to be addressed so as to better the lives of animals Link and act as liaison between various agencies, associations and societies aimed at preventing animal cruelty. Right Care for Animals The most common way of cruelty on animals is improper feeding. This occurs in instances where people show deliberate negligence towards their animals. They fail to provide adequate food and water to such animas. This has often led to starvation, dehydration, illnesses, among other adverse conditions. Right care of animals is not just limited to proper feeding alone. Animals also require proper shelter. Thus, it is
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