What Is Distemper Paint and How Is It Used

Distemper paint is an ancient type of paint that can be traced back to the earliest eras of human history. It is an early form of whitewash made of water, chalk, and pigment, and it is often bound with an animal-based glue-like egg or the adhesive qualities of casein, a resin that comes from solidified milk. The primary problem with distemper paint is that it is not durable. For this reason, it is used more often for temporary or inexpensive projects rather than fine art. The Uses of Distemper Paint Historically, distemper has been a popular interior paint for homes. In fact, it has been used since antiquity for painting walls and other types of house decoration. It is easily marked, but cannot get wet. Because its not waterproof, it has been used almost exclusively for interior surfaces. Only in regions that seldom, if ever, see rain can it be used outside. Despite these disadvantages, it was a popular paint for so long because it is cheap and provides good coverage in just a couple of coats. It also dries quickly, and any mistakes can be wiped clean with a wet rag. Other than its durability issue, it really is a great interior house paint. Though it saw continual use from ancient Egyptian times to the end of the 19th century, the advent of more durable oil- and latex-based house paints has rendered distemper obsolete. The exceptions are instances of historic and period-authentic structures, where distempered surfaces continue to be maintained. It also remains somewhat common in theatrical presentations and other short-term applications. Distemper Paint in Asia Distemper has been used extensively in Asian painting traditions, especially in Tibet. The Metropolitan Museum of Art in New York even has a collection of Tibetan and Nepalese works in distemper on cloth or wood. Unfortunately, as distemper on canvas or paper is less age-resistant, there are few surviving examples. In India, distemper wall paint remains a popular and economical choice for interiors. Distemper Paint Versus Tempera Paint There is common confusion about the difference between distemper and tempera paints. Some people say that distemper is a simplified form of tempera paint, but there are more significant differences. The main distinction is that tempera is thick and durable, which is why its often used in artwork. Distemper, on the other hand, is thin and impermanent. Both are made with natural components and require just a few ingredients. However, because of the permanence issue, tempera is used more often than distemper paint today. Make Your Own Distemper Paint To make your own distemper, you will need  whiting, the white, chalky powder and either  size  (a gelatinous substance) or animal glue to act as the binder. Water is used as the base and you can add any pigment you like to create an infinite variety of colors.

The Effect Of Stretching On Muscle Strength And Performance

Increased muscle strength and performance is sought after by athletes of almost every discipline, as well as others simply looking to increases their health and fitness. Stretch and flexibility is another area of fitness, one that is often neglected by most people. However, the effect of stretching on both muscle strength and performance is disputed by the relatively few studies that have actually been done on the topic. The results of the studies have ranged from concluding that stretching has a negative effect on strength on performance to concluding that it has no effect to even concluding that it can have a positive effect. Many factors play a role in muscle strength and performance so it is difficult to conclusively determine what is due to stretching and what is due to one of the other variable that come into play when exercising and training. Knowing the effect of stretching on muscle strength and performance would allow athletes and their trainers to develop more efficient an d productive training plans to help the athletes achieve a higher level of performance. Most people are under the impression that stretching lengthens muscles and that an increase in flexibility is due to an increase in the length of the muscle itself. This is not accurate. Flexibility is not achieved by having long muscles, but rather having to do with the length-tension relationship of the muscle (Magnusson 1998). There are several different theories for how stretching increases flexibility andShow MoreRelatedThe Effect Of Different Stretching Techniques On Myosin Actin1217 Words   |  5 Pages The Effects of Different Stretching Techniques on Myosin and Actin Fibers and How it Affects Athletic Performance Actin and myosin filaments can be found in skeletal muscle and are the smallest units that form a sarcomere, which is the smallest contractile unit in muscle (Baechle, 2008). The Sliding Filament Theory states that the actin filaments slide inward on the myosin filaments, pulling on the boundaries of the sarcomere, causing it to shorten the muscle fiber, also known as a concentric muscularRead MoreTypes Of Flexibility And Physical Activity1503 Words   |  7 PagesIs dynamic or static stretching more beneficial to flexibility? Flexibility is the range of motions in your joints. (Waehner) Dynamic stretching is more controlled movements. For example, leg and arm swings. Your goal with dynamic stretching is to bring the muscles as close to their range of motion as possible. (Stretches Definition, 2014) Static stretching consists of reaching an holding a stretch just beyond the normal range of motion. (Stretches Definition, 2014) Stretching is often used in sportsRead MoreThe Components Of Fitness And Fitness1464 Words   |  6 Pagesof both your physical and mental state can decrease your chances of injury or any specific type of bodily harm, and is determined by 5 important components. The five components of fitness are cardiovascular endurance, muscular endurance, muscular strength, flexibility, and body composition. The components of fitness are used in schools, gyms, and health clubs to measure how good your physical fitness is progressing and how in shape and healthy your body is. These five components are highly importantRead MorePersuasive Essay On Runners Choice1643 Words   |  7 Pageslose weight. It is an enjoyable way to exercise, and is a natural stress reliever. Running can change your lifestyle and force you to adapt to certain physically intense situations. This includes the body’s reaction to stress, and a variety of other effects that come with running regularly. Running has a plethora of health benefits that include a prolonged life an d immunity to various diseases. This activity is the fastest way to burn fat, and can be easy to perform if done correctly. Although runningRead MorePlyometric Training Essay1242 Words   |  5 Pagesa number of athletic performances. This training method is meant to be used with other power development methods in a complete training program to improve the relationship between maximum strength and explosive power (Radcliffe 1). In order to understand how plyometric training works or why it is so effective, one must understand what is meant by power. Power is similar to strength but with the time factor included, meaning speed. So power is relationship between strength and speed and dealsRead MoreEssay on Running and Over Training1428 Words   |  6 Pagesothers believe that moderation between both extremes can benefit your sport. Running may have a heavier toll on the body than any other sport, literally. With each stride, force of two to three times the bodies weight is hammered on the joint, muscles, and tendons. How much running is â€Å"too much† running? is there too much of a good thing? There is and it is most commonly referred to as over-training. Over training is by definition the imbalance between training and recovery.the conceptual theoryRead MoreEffects of Exercise to Muscles1711 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of exercise to muscles Jezreel E. Rodriguez Communication Arts II Professor Manlapig, B. May 22, 2012 â€Æ' Thesis statement: 54 percent of human body mass is muscles, and through regular exercise these muscles could be made healthier. I. Introduction II. Muscles and exercise a. Three types of muscles 1. Smooth muscle 2. Cardiac muscle 3. Skeletal muscle b. Benefits of exercise to muscles 1. Muscle Strength 2. Muscle Endurance 3. Muscle Size 4. MuscleRead MoreTennis Serve And Effective Warm Up Protocol2820 Words   |  12 Pagesmaximally executed skill involving many large muscle groups and because of its influenence on success, a lot of time is time is spent training it in coaching sessions. Therefore an effective warm-up protocol is essential for tennis to assist maximal muscular performance can be utilised and injury can be prevented. For this reason it is common practise for warm-ups to take place prior to training or matches (Bishop, 2003). Overall tennis performance is very much dependent on the serve. Tennis serveRead MoreHip Injury And Ulnar Collateral Ligament Essay909 Words   |  4 Pagesaffected can result compromising throwing form in biomechanics and may force the core muscles (abdominals, shoulders, and upper extremities) to compromising and work even harder. More importantly, the range of motion (ROM) maybe conceding excessively which results increasing potential risk of future injuries. The individual’s biomechanics in pitching or throwing must be monitor for muscular-endurance, strength, or power for speed and numbers of repetition when contributing towards velocity. StudyingRead MoreResearch design Experimental design Sample population Recreational male soccer players Sample1600 Words   |  7 PagesExperimental design Sample population Recreational male soccer players Sample size A total of forty subjects (n=40) were recruited. Sample size was calculated on the basis of previous researches by G power 3.1.5 software. Level of significance was kept 0.05, effect size of the study was 0.94 , with 80% power (1- á µ ). Sampling method Total numbers of recreational male soccer players were recruited by convenience sampling method for our study. Sources of subjects Jamia Millia Islamia, New Delhi Methods of selecting

No Child Left Behind Standardization - 1608 Words

The large change for standardization began with the implementation of the No Child Left Behind Act (NCLB) in 2001. According to professors of education Delilah David, Ingrid Haynes, Bernnell M. Peltier-Glaze, Summer Pannell, and head of Texas Marshall County school district, Carrie Skelton, the NCLB was responsible for a number of undesirable consequences in school administration. Districts became responsible for test scores from individual schools, creating pressures among administrative officials to perform well. The act also made it easier for the federal government to become more involved in education, primarily in its finances. Dr. Martin Wasserburg conducted an assessment of lower-income schools in an urban area and found that t†¦show more content†¦However, the NCLB has fallen far too short of its goal. Standardized testing has not only failed to help disadvantaged students, but has hurt them and their districts as well (Wasserberg). Write more The increase of standardization in education in the years following the NCLB’s implementation brought more undesirable consequences, one of them being the pressure placed on teachers to perform well. More now than ever, teachers are accountable for the test scores and performances given by individual students (Wiliam, Dylan). In fact, the main purpose of standardized testing is not to assess the contextual knowledge of students, but rather to act as an assessment of teacher performance and quality. Teachers are held more accountable for the scores of their students than the students themselves are, despite the proven lack of control that teachers have over test scores. This particular facet of the American education system sets us apart other developing countries, where students are held as equally accountable to their scores as teachers are. According to Dylan Wiliam, two-thirds of the reasoning behind test scores can be traced back to socioeconomic factors, further show ing that teachers have a small influence in a student’s test score, and that they should not be assessed based on them alone. WhenShow MoreRelatedCommon Core s Supporters And Non Supporters974 Words   |  4 Pagesschool system is desperately needed. The United States has fallen behind its peers in the international communities, who participate in the Programme for International Student Assessment, in almost every measurable scholarly subject. Therefore, the United States needs to help its students to become better scholars so they can internationally compete in the business market place. Common Core is also trying to bring a standardization of learning and cohesiveness to all schools across the United StatesRead MoreAmerica s Education Over The Course Of Time1007 Words   |  5 Pagesexample with his school in Chicago. â€Å"During the last thirty-five years with the establishment of the Dewey school in Chicago the elementary area of education in America has become increasingly dominated by the whole-child concept† (Ohio State Universiy Press, 1938). The slogan â€Å"the whole child goes to schoo l† describe a concept that Dewey would work to put into use with his schools in Chicago. However, John Dewey: Educational Philosopher explains how Dewey and his ideas were not always accepted. â€Å"BecauseRead MoreEssay on Standardized Testing1458 Words   |  6 PagesNo Child Left Behind Act and Standardized Testing: State, National, and International American Education has been a work in progress for the past century and a half. To measure its progress, successes, and failings, there are standardized tests. These tests have been used to compare schools, states, and nations. The key subjects being tested as a universal measure are mathematics, reading, and science. To help improve the scores on these tests, the United States put into law the No Child LeftRead MoreNo Child Left Behind and the Common Core State Standards700 Words   |  3 PagesThe main goal of both No Child Left Behind and the Common Core State Standards are to have students perform better primary in Language Arts and Mathematics, though the Common Core State Standards does branch out into other subjects, like Science. With No Child Left Behind, there is a focus on testing on Language Arts and Mathematics and schools that do not improve would face sanctions. With the Common Core State Standards, there is still a focus on testing primary in Language Arts and Mat hematicsRead MoreThe Mcdonaldization Of Society By George Ritzer999 Words   |  4 Pagesmechanistic worldview that applies to the state of education in American society. The calculability idea behind standardization is that each student’s level of progress is measured against set averages. This in theory is supposed to efficiently enable administrators and district officials to hold teachers accountable for the success of their students. The unfortunate result is that standardization limits a teachers’ ability to teach a variety of purposeful topics, prohibits them from diving furtherRead MoreEducational System Reform1071 Words   |  4 Pagesenvy of the world, yet today it has slipped to mediocre at best. Although most people agree that the system needs reform, there are a wide variety of different ideas about how to do so. Some call for privatization of the system, other believe standardization is the proper route, and still others call for more liberalization and resources be devoted to the system similar to some other countries such as Finland. Although many other systems around the world have shown remarkable results, simply mimic kingRead MoreNation At Risk Gave Rise To Two Major Education Reform974 Words   |  4 PagesNation at Risk gave rise to two major education reform movements; accountability and school choice. Federal government started thinking about testing, and standardization, which resulted in No Child Left Behind (NCLB), and Race to the Top. McGuinn’s No Child Left Behind (NCLB), describes the politics of accountability as setting a standard for teachers, testing students to see if the schools meet the set standards, and then holding the schools and teachers accountable for not achieving those standardsRead MoreHigh-Stakes Testing, the Standardized Classroom, and the Marginalization of Multicultural Education1817 Words   |  8 Pagestogether to solve the world’s problems.† These statements by James A. Banks have made a profound impact on my view towards multicultural education and the nation’s current trend of standardization and high-stakes testing. Scholarly res earch shows that the emphasis placed on testing and standards, mandated by the No Child Left Behind (NCLB) Act, is causing teachers to focus entirely on basic skills in reading, writing, and math (Banks Banks, 2010). This focus on basic skills is taking much needed timeRead MoreThe Negative Effects Of Standardized Testing871 Words   |  4 PagesThe Negative Effects of Standardized Testing The purpose of the No Child Left Behind Act is designed to close the achievement gap between high/low performing children and improve/strengthen accountability amongst schools (Department of Education). As a result, the Department of Education has implemented a sanctions and rewards system, stipulated in the No Child Left behind Act. If schools do not perform according to the act, funding will be withdrawn, teachers and administrators could get laid offRead MoreTesting And De Grading Schools : Authentic Alternatives For Accountability And Standardization1080 Words   |  5 PagesGuerrero July 4, 2015 EDDL 941 Book Review Bower, J., Thomas, P. L. (Eds.). (2013). De-testing and de-grading schools: Authentic alternatives to accountability and standardization. New York: Peter Lang Publishing Inc. Synopsis: I found De-testing and de-grading schools: Authentic alternatives to accountability and standardization by Bower and Thomas, an interesting read and consistent with the critiques of high stakes testing and assessment we’ve read about and watched in this class. It is a

Unjust Iraq War Essay - 1484 Words

The Iraq war has been a very sensitive and divisive issue in todays society. Although we can not ignore the cloud around this administration when it comes to potential incentives that going to war presented, (such as oil for profits and retaliation to Saddam Hussein for the Gulf War and treatment of President Bush Sr.), I will look beyond these potential motives to explain why the U.S. involvement in the Iraq War was unjust simply because it doesnt fall into any of the four functions of force authored by Robert J. Art. The United States ignored the U.N. guidelines for peace, as well as its public protest against the war, to strike Iraq with an unprovoked attack. A war fought on the premise that this country had ties to Osama Bin Laden,†¦show more content†¦The easiest way to prove that was to find the weapons of mass destruction or supported programs. Leaving aside the fact that many do not accept this interpretation even in principle, the U.S.( Britain, its primary military ally) needed to demonstrate that Iraqs weapons of mass destruction compatibility was imminent. They failed to do so, both before and after the war.(276) This strike doesnt fit as a defense of preemptive, (an attack in hours or days), nor does it fit for defense of preventive, (an attack in months or years). The U.S. had successfully attacked a harmless country. The next function of force according to Art is deterrence. This serves to prevent the enemy from doing something that one doesn’t want him to do and that he might otherwise be tempted to do by threatening him with unacceptable punishment if he does. In essence this is the threat of retaliation for deviating from one’s requests. The effectiveness of the threat depends upon the states’ credibility for carrying out the threat, and the United States being the superpower that it is, had all the credibility needed to have the full attention of the Iraqi leader. This is why Hussein complied with the UN in 2002 with the Security Council Resolution 1441. This act demanded that Iraq re-admit weapons inspectors and comply with previous resolutions it has ignored since the 1990s. Even after the U.N. inspector Hans Blix reported that there was noShow MoreRelatedEssay on Just War Doctrine And The Gulf Conflict1275 Words   |  6 Pages Just War Doctrine and the Gulf Conflict nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;In evaluating US involvement in the Iraq conflict in terms of the Just War Doctrine - jus ad bellum and jus in bello - it is my opinion that the US adhered to the Doctrine in its entirety. The US acted justly both in its entering into the Gulf conflict (jus ad bellum) and in its conduct while in the conflict (jus in bello). To support this opinion I will individually address the co parts that constitute the Just War DoctrineRead MoreWho is Responsible for the Establishment of the War in Iraq?699 Words   |  3 PagesAccountability: After reviewing the just war theory in relation to the war in Iraq, it is assessed the Iraq war did not meet the requirements for the Iraq war. Michael Walzer stated that, ‘the Iraq war was an unnecessary war and unnecessary wars are also unjust wars’ (Religion and Ethics news weekly, 2009, Online). As a result, the Iraq war did not have a plausible cause or authorisation for intervention. Due to the failure to assess whether Iraq did conceal WMD, Weapons inspector David Kay arguesRead More Iraq War Essay examples582 Words   |  3 Pagesnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The war waged on Iraq by the United States has been the cause of heated debate all over the world. Many people have opposed the United States attack on Iraq for many viable reasons. Some of these reasons include that it is not in the best interests for the reputation of the United States with the other nations of the global community, it poses an increased threat to United States homeland security, and it will r esult in many unjust crimes committed by the United StatesRead MoreThe Main Idea Of The Article The Aquinas Inquiry, Is To1235 Words   |  5 PagesThe Aquinas Inquiry, is to explain or kind of conclude what a medieval philosophers panel would look like and how they would feel about the invasion of Iraq, Tony Blair’s decisions, and Saddam Hussein and determine the reasons. â€Å"The members of the ‘Aquinas Inquiry’ have already developed a set of six criteria which should be met in order for any war to be considered just.† The set of criteria will be used in this article to determine whether or not Tony Blair had just cause.   Ã‚  Ã‚   The author of thisRead MorePositive and Negative Impacts of the Sixties Counterculture1532 Words   |  7 Pagesthe transformation that hippies cultivated, have found the will to persist in revolutionizing social and political policy. Their alternative lifestyles and radical beleifs were the shocking blow that American culture-- segregation, McCarthyism, unjust wars, censorship--needed to prove that some Americans still had the common sense to care for one another. The young people of the sixties counterculture movement were successful at awakening awareness on many causes that are being fought in modern AmericanRead MoreThe Moral Implications Of The Us Invaded Iraq1689 Words   |  7 Pagesimplications of war. He once said â€Å"War is the mere continuation of politics by other means†, a statement that has become all too relevant in the twenty-first century. This paper will serve to analyze why the US invaded Iraq in 2003, discussing the underlying agenda of th e Bush administration at the time compared to what information was given to the public. 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Some countries became better off with the help that was given by the United States, while other countries stayed static, or became even worse. The war with Iraq is a great example of the horrors that the United States can create when she decides to mess with other countries. America thought that she knew what was best for Iraq, but America was wrong. The United States shouldRead MoreThe War Was A Humanitarian War1275 Words   |  6 PagesThe Iraq War began in 2003 in an attempt to remove the threat of weapons of mass destruction, while also trying to free the Iraqi people from their evil dictator, Saddam Hussein. This war was costly in many different aspects in the fact that it cost the United States thousands of dollars and wounded or killed many U.S. soldiers. Despite these costs, the U.S. was successful in freeing the Iraqi people, but no weapons of mass destruction were ever found. 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Their Eyes Were Watching God Analysis Free Essays

string(66) " to participate in conversations in which she voiced her opinion\." â€Å"The Power Struggle in African American Marriages† Zora Neale Hurston is recognized as one of the key contributors to the Harlem Renaissance that occurred during the 1920s and 1930s. Her multitudes of literary works explore and celebrate African American culture and heritage without directly addressing the subject of racism which was prevalent during this time. Hurston incorporates both the positive and negative aspects of African American culture into her stories in order to give a true depiction to her audience. We will write a custom essay sample on Their Eyes Were Watching God Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now In a number of her works, including â€Å"Sweat† and Their Eyes Were Watching God, domestic violence plays a very frequent role in marriages. Husbands would hit their wives to establish their power in the relationship, even when the wives did not do anything to deserve such cruel brutality. In Hurston’s short story, â€Å"Sweat†, oppression of women in the black community is demonstrated through the marriage of Delia and Sykes Jones. In another of her short stories, â€Å"The Gilded Six-Bits†, Hurston writes about a married couple who is completely in love and share a balance of power in the relationship. In 1937, Hurston published one of her more well-known works, Their Eyes Were Watching God. The novel is about a young African American girl, Janie Crawford, and her journey from a young girl into an independent woman. This transformation is gradually seen through her three marriages. Although each of the marriages was very different from one another, they all shared the same underlying conflict: a power struggle between genders. Due to the death of her mother at an early age, Janie is raised by her grandmother who grew up as a slave. Nanny, her grandmother, is extremely dissatisfied with the way that black women are treated. She explains to Janie that the white men oppress the black men who then oppress the black women. It is a brutal cycle that forces black woman to act as the â€Å"mules† by doing all of the hard work (14). In order to protect Janie from this oppression, Nanny forces the sixteen year old girl to marry Logan Killicks. Before the wedding, Janie tries to convince herself she will be happy when she thinks, â€Å"Husbands and wives always loved each other, and that was what marriage meant. † (21). Nanny has the opposite view of marriage as Janie; Nanny views marriage as a contract in which the couple does not have to be in love. Many years older than Janie, Logan is a dull farmer who owns sixty acres of land. After almost a year of being married to Logan, Janie is disheartened by the fact that she still does not love him. As time passes, Logan gradually begins to oppress Janie. At the beginning of the marriage, he would chop the firewood and bring it indoors to Janie. Then, he started expecting Janie to chop the firewood herself and bring it into the house. He not only demands Janie to serve him in the home by preparing his meals and cleaning, but he also expects Janie to serve him in the field by plowing or moving cow manure. One day when Janie is in the kitchen cooking dinner, Logan yells at her to move some cow manure. Janie refuses his order by saying that she is in her place in the kitchen. Logan verbally exerts his power over his wife as he tells her, â€Å"You ain’t got no particular place. It’s wherever Ah need yuh. † (31). He also expresses his power through violence when he threatens Janie by telling her that he will kill her with an ax if she talks back to him again. To Logan, Janie is just an object that he can utilize for labor and chores. He even plans to buy Janie her own mule so that she can plow the fields as well. The irony of this is that Nanny only wanted Janie to marry Logan so that Janie would not have to be worked like a â€Å"mule†. When Logan is gone for the day to pick up the mule, Janie meets a man by the name of Joe Starks (Jody). She is very fascinated by this confident and charming man. When Jody hears that Logan is making her plow the fields, he is appalled. He convinces Janie to run away with him by telling her he will treat her like a wife and take good care of her. Janie makes her first step towards asserting her independence when she leaves Logan to run away with another man. Although Hurston’s short story â€Å"Sweat† exhibits a more extreme case of domestic violence and oppression than in Their Eyes Were Watching God, Delia’s marriage with Sykes is somewhat parallel to Janie’s marriage with Logan. Delia is constantly working as a wash woman in order to provide for her and her husband. Sykes does not contribute anything to the marriage. He has been verbally and physically abusing Delia since their second month of marriage, which was fifteen years ago. The balance of power in their relationship begins to shift when Delia starts to stand up for herself against her husband like Janie did against Logan. She even scares Sykes off when she threatens to hit him with a frying pan if he comes close to her. Janie and Delia both realize that they deserve to be treated with respect by the men who supposedly love them. Upon running away together and getting married, Jody and Janie move to an all-black community called Eatonville in which Jody eventually becomes mayor and ends up owning most of the town. Jody is very power hungry and likes to be in control. He even holds multiple positions in the community besides being mayor. Unlike Logan, Jody did not think women should work in the field or perform tough labor. He referred to Janie as his â€Å"pretty doll-baby† (29). He molded Janie into the perfect submissive â€Å"mayor’s wife†. She always had to be dressed perfectly and she was not allowed to participate in conversations in which she voiced her opinion. You read "Their Eyes Were Watching God Analysis" in category "Essay examples" He was not only in control of Eatonville but he was also in full control of Janie. He frequently used violence to assert his power over her. For instance, if he did not enjoy a dinner she prepared, he would hit her to punish her. One day, Janie could not take being silent anymore so she jumped into a conversation with Jody and the townspeople. She made the mistake of expressing her opinion on a matter that they were debating. Outraged and humiliated by his wife’s behavior, Jody hit his wife in front of everyone to remind her of her submissiveness to him. As Jody gained power in the community, Janie continued to lose her identity and whatever was left of her marriage. Whereas Logan treated Janie as an object that he could use in the house and field, Jody treated her as an object that people could admire from afar. When Jody is on his death bed, Janie finally speaks her mind and tells him all of the flaws that he possesses. She takes all of her anger and resentment that has built up over the past twenty years and lets it out on Jody on his death bed. This event was very significant in Janie’s quest for independence. Once again, Janie has shifted the balance of power from being the one controlled to being the controller. Jody dies very soon after Janie’s outburst. For the first time in twenty years, Janie is free again. Although Janie is content with being single and free, an unexpected visitor shows up in her life one day. Tea Cake is about twelve years younger than Janie and he possesses a care-free attitude that Janie loves. She ends up falling in love with him because of the way he makes her feel; when they are together, starts to find out her true identity. Unlike Logan and Jody, Tea Cake does not instruct Janie to play a certain role or try to silence her voice. He wants to hear her opinions and everything that she has to say. He teaches her to play checkers and other games that she was not allowed to play in her previous marriage to Jody. He even taught her how to shoot a gun. They always had fun together, no matter what they were doing. They move to the Everglades where they are able side by side in the field, bonding with one another every day. They view their gender roles as equal; he would cook dinner sometime while she worked in the field. One certain person does not hold power over the other one, which is very rare in marriages during this time period in their culture. In fact, when Janie get jealous of another girl to whom Tea Cake talks, she hits Tea Cake. This is a reversal of the gender roles that Janie encompassed in her previous marriages because she was usually the one being hit by her husband. When Tea Cake gets jealous of his wife and another man, he also hits Janie to remind everyone that she belongs to him. Even in a well-balanced and healthy marriage, violence is still used as a way to exert power during this time period. During an awful hurricane in the Everglades, Tea Cake is bitten by a dog with rabbis. Because he contracts rabbis, he becomes very violent and tries to kill the love of his life, Janie. For the first time ever, Janie fully asserts her independence when she kills the only man she has ever loved in order to survive. Janie and Tea Cake’s marriage is very similar to Missie May and John Banks’ marriage in the beginning of Hurston’s short story, â€Å"The Gilded Six-Bits†. Missie May and John treat each other equally and never try to oppress one another. John does not use violence to gain power over Missie May like most husbands did during this time. The biggest similarity the two couples have is the playfulness of their relationships. Janie and Tea Cake are always playing games or doing something fun. On that same level, Missie May and John always have a â€Å"play-fight† on Saturday to â€Å"keep the spark alive†. Merriam Webster Dictionary’s definition of power is â€Å"possession of control, authority, or influence over others†. During the early 1900s in African American culture, there was a large power struggle between males and females. African American males had been oppressed by white men for so long that in turn, they oppressed their African American women in attempt to feel powerful. Unfortunately, most people would not even blink an eye at a man hitting his wife or verbally abusing her in public. As seen in Janie’s transformation, a person cannot truly live up to their true potential until they are completely free of anything or anyone that would confine them. When Janie returns to Eatonville after Tea Cake’s death, she walks through the town with confidence. She learns not to care what other people think of her because it is not their life; it is her life and she is the one in control of it. Bibliography Hurston, Zora N. Their Eyes Were Watching God. New York: HarperCollins, 2006. Print. Hurston, Zora N. â€Å"Zora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"Sweat†Ã¢â‚¬  American Literature Research and Analysis Website. University of South Florida in Fort Myers, July 1996. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/hurston. htm. Hurston, Zora N. â€Å"Zora Neale Hurston’s â€Å"The Gilded Six-Bits†Ã¢â‚¬  American Literature Research and Analysis Website. University of South Florida in Fort Myers, July 1996. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/hurston. htm. â€Å"Power. † Dictionary and Thesaurus – Merriam-Webster Online. Merriam-Webster, Inc. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. http://www. merriam-webster. com/dictionary/power. Uppling, Jill. â€Å"†Sweat† and â€Å"The Gilded Six-Bits†: Between Hurston’s Biography and Education. † American Literature Research and Analysis Website. University of South Florida in Fort Myers, July 1996. Web. 13 Oct. 2011. http://itech. fgcu. edu/faculty/wohlpart/alra/hurston. htm. How to cite Their Eyes Were Watching God Analysis, Essay examples

Nature Vs Nurture Environment Example For Students

Nature Vs Nurture : Environment Give me a dozen healthy infants, well-formed, and my own specified world to bring them up in and I ll guarantee to take any one at random and train him to become any type of specialist I might select – doctor, lawyer, artist, merchant-chief and, yes, even beggar-man and thief, regardless of his talents, penchants, tendencies, abilities, vocations, and race of his ancestors. – John B. Watson. Generally, using the terms nature and nurture as a suitable catch-phrase for the roles of genetics and environment in human and animal development dates way back to 13th century France. Some scientists feel that people act according to genetic inclinations or animal instincts. This is the nature theory of human behavior. Other scientists suggest that people reason and act in certain ways because they are taught to do so. This is the nurture theory of human behavior. The increasing understanding of the human genome has made it clear that both parties of the controversy have merit. Nature gives us inborn abilities and traits and it takes these genetic propensities and molds them as we learn and develop . The nature vs environment† argument is still on, as scientists debate over how much of who we are is shaped by genes and how much by the environment. Nature The human genome has been proven to determine the different traits that we have, majorly on the physical characters like eye color, hair color, ear size, height, and other traits. However, we are not certain about whether our abstruse characteristics like intelligence, personality, preferences, sexual orientation are gene-coded in our DNA, too. Also, the behavioral genes are somehow proven to exist when you observe fraternal twins. When fraternal twins grow up in different environments, they may respond and behave to certain situations as though they were reared together. Nurture The nurture theory insists thatalthough genes and heredity may influence abstract traits, environmental factors make the major contribution to human and animal behavior. This includes the use of conditioning in order to induce a new behavior to a child, or alter an unlikely behavior being shown by the child. John Watson, one of the leaders of the Nurture campaign, once said that he can be able to train a baby randomly chosen in a group of 12 infants, to become any type of specialist he wants. He stated that he could train him to be such regardless of the child s potentialities, talents and race. Even though fraternal twins raised apart often have remarkable similarities, still the differences in environmental influences may lead to several variations in the way they behave. We are still left in our dilemma: Are we born this way, or do we act in accordance to our life experiences? The nature vs environment controversy goes on and on, and although it is a fact that we have traits that are predetermined by our genes, we can still choose who we want to be as we travel through our lifetime. THE CONTROVERSY Over time, psychologists have tried to observe the relative amount contributed by genetics or environmental factors to diverse human behaviors. The frequently asked question is whether human and animal behavior is determined by the person’s genetic inheritance or is the behavior determined by upbringing . The concern in this question resulted to what is called the Nature Nurture Controversy. Many researchers took extreme positions in this issue, while some researchers exercised on exclusive roles or genetic hereditary, others took the opposite extreme by denying biological contribution and emphasizing learning and experience . John Locke . He posits that new born children are like ‘’tabular rasa’’ or ‘’blank slate’’ which is an example of a white board or black board, and anything written on this board can only be attributed to learning and experience. According to this view, nature contributes nothing to human behavior apart from providing a life body. Although this position was later disproved, the idea had enormous effect in philosophy, politics, and psychology. The opposite side of this debate holds that humans are born with complete genetic instructions that determine their response to every situation. One of the strongest argument in support of this position was Wilhelm Von Heibnits. His main argument on position is that we are the way we are born, which he based it on the belief that genes and hereditary must contribute to human behavior, this position is invalid because there is no particular or one gene responsible for behavior. Although genes act at a molecular level in the development and maintenance of the structures that has consequences of behavior, the inheritance of behavioral traits follow a multi-factorial pattern which involves actions of many genes and interactions between heredity and environment. In modern times, researchers have demonstrated that both hereditary and environment play a role in behavior through their interactions. Human behavior is therefore a result of the complex interactions between hereditary and environmental factors. Hinduism And Forgiveness EssayImprinting provides an opportunity to learn key variable components in an environment while retaining largely innate behavioral patterns. More flexibility may be shown in the development of food preferences, as food availability can vary from habitat to habitat, or from season to season. Insects may imprint on the chemistry of the leaves they eat as caterpillars; when they become adults they then choose to lay their eggs on plants with a chemistry that matches the leaves they ate when young. This insures a suitable diet for the next generation. Young birds and mammals often learn food preferences based on food shared by adults, on observations of feeding preferences of adults, and on sampling possible food items. Another form of learning involves aversions, which can develop at any point in any animal’s life. Birds and mammals develop lifelong aversions to specific foods that contain poisons that cause sickness (such as monarch butterflies). In contrast, some preferences and aversions appear to be innate, or at least to be driven by physiological needs for certain nutrients, such as salt. Genes and Environment in Human Behavior: Sociocultural Influences. Quite often humans worry that their behavior might be completely controlled by their genetic make up, meaning that one might be involuntarily compelled into poor parenting, violent behavior, or drug addiction. Most human cultures also has strong beliefs in self-determination and free will, as well as the ability of humans to be able to differenciate the right from the wrong and to make choices about the appropriateness of their actions. Heated arguments among biologists, philosophers, and ethicists over the relative roles of genes and behavior in human behavior have brought no simple resolution. The and will continue to fuel controversy, even as more is discovered about the genetic and evolutionary bases of behavior. TWIN STUDIES AND ADOPTION STUDIES One way to determine the contribution of genes and environment to a trait is to study twins. In one kind of study, identical twins reared apart are compared to randomly selected pairs of people. The twins share identical genes, but different family environments. In another kind of twin study, identical twins reared together (who share family environment and genes) are compared to fraternal twins reared together (who also share family environment but only share half their genes). Another condition that permits the disassociation of genes and environment is adoption. In one kind of adoption study, biological siblings reared together (who share the same family environment and half their genes) are compared to adoptive siblings (who share their family environment but none of their genes). The nature side of this debate emphasizes how much of an organism reflected are s biological factors. But, on the other hand genes are activated at appropriate times during development an the basis for protein production. Proteins include a wide range of molecules, such as hormones and enzymes that act in the body as signaling and structural molecules to direct development. CONCLUSION Although they may seem alternate and antagonistic in constitution, nature and nuture,work hand in hand in defining human and animal behavior. Many aspects of human behavior, which can not be explained by genetic and behavioural analysis of parents can be explained by evaluating the influences of the individuals social and physical environment. REFFERENCES The Dependent Gene, The fallacy of â€Å"Nature vs Nurture†-Sir Francis Golton-Google Baeken. Retrieved 2013 -12-23. Dusheck, Jennie:, The Interpretation Of Genes.Natural History, October 2002. Ridley,M: Nature via Nuture. Genes, Experience and What makes us Human . Edge, org.: Nature Versus Nurture , accesed,0125 2014. Planin,R, Fulker ,: DW ,Corely ,R , De Fries J.C (1997) .Nature Nurture and Cognitive Develpement from 1 to 16 years .A Parent Offspring Adoption Study Psychological Science Moore, D.S.(2003)The dependent gene. The Fallacy of nature vs. nurture .New York, NY :

ATHALIAH Essay Example For Students

ATHALIAH Essay A monologue from the play by Jean Racine NOTE: This monologue is reprinted from The Dramatic Works of Jean Racine. Trans. Robert Bruce Boswell. London: George Bell and Sons, 1911. ATHALIAH: While thus disturbd, before me roseThe vision of a boy in shining robe,Such as the Hebrew priests are wont to wear.My drooping spirits at his sight revived:But while my troubled eyes, to peace restored,Admired his noble air and modest grace,I felt the sudden stroke of murderous steelPlunged deeply by the traitor in my breast.Perhaps to you this dream, so strangely mixd,May seem a work of chance, and I myself,For long ashamed to let my fears prevail,Referrd it to a melancholy mood;But while its memory lingerd in my soul,Twice in my sleep I saw that form again,Twice the same child before my eyes appeard,Always about to stab me to the heart.Worn out at last by horrors close pursuit,I went to claim Baals protecting care,And, kneeling at his altars, find repose.How strangely fear may sway our mortal minds!And instinct seemd to drive me to those courts,To pacify the god whom Jews adore;I thought that offerings might appease his wrath,That this their god might grow more merciful.B aals High Priest, my feebleness forgive!I enterd; and the sacrifice was stayd,The people fled, Jehoiada in wrathAdvanced to meet me. As he spake, I sawWith terror and surprise that self-same boyWho haunts me in my dreams. I saw him there;His mien the same, the same his linen stole,His gait, his eyes, each feature of his face;It was himself; beside th High Priest he walkd,Till quickly they removed him from my sight.That is the trouble which detains me here,And thereon would I fain consult you both.What means this omen marvellous?